Midwifery
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Forceps Delivery
Introduction Obstetric forceps are a pair of specially designed instruments used to assist in the extraction of the fetal head, facilitating the delivery of the fetus. Forceps delivery is employed when it becomes…
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Vacuum extraction (ventouse delivery)
Introduction Ventouse is an instrumental device designed to assist in delivery by creating a vacuum between the device and the fetal scalp. The vacuum extractor, introduced by Malinstrom in 1954, is designed to…
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Injuries of the birth canal
Vulva Lacerations of the vulval skin posteriorly and the para urethral tear on the inner aspect of the labia minora are the common sites. Para-urethral tear may be associated with brisk hemorrhage and…
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Obstetrical emergency
Obstetric emergencies are critical medical situations that can occur during pregnancy, labour, or shortly after childbirth, necessitating immediate medical attention to safeguard the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. …
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Management of third stage of labour
Introduction The third stage of labour is defined as the period extending from the birth of the baby to the complete expulsion of the placenta and membranes, the control of bleeding from the…
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THIRD STAGE OF LABOUR
The period from the birth of the baby to the delivery of the placenta and membranes is the third stage of labour. It typically lasts between 5 and 15 minutes, but a period…
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Newborn resuscitation
Newborn resuscitation Nearly one million babies die each year because they do not breathe normally at birth. Urgent management is necessary when the baby does not breathe. Therefore for many babies, newborn resuscitation…
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APGAR Score
Dr. Virginia Apgar introduced the APGAR scoring system in 1953 to swiftly evaluate a neonate’s adaptation to extra uterine life. The APGAR score translates the newborn’s condition into a numerical value through a…
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Episiotomy
An episiotomy, also known as perineotomy, is a planned surgical incision made on the perineum and posterior vaginal wall during the second stage of labour to enlarge the vaginal opening and facilitate childbirth.…
